DDT – 1939
Paul Hermann Müller - 1948
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Paul Hermann Müller
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DDT – 1939
Paul Hermann Müller - 1948
Recognized as insecticide by the Swiss scientist
Paul Hermann Müller, who was awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize
in Physiology and Medicine. DDT was banned in 1972.
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2,4-D –
1946
Judah Hirsch Quastel -1946
2,4-D – 1946
Judah Hirsch Quastel -
1946
2,4-D was developed during WW II at British Rothamsted Experimental
Station, by Judah Hirsch Quastel and sold commercially in
1946. 2,4-D was the first widely used systemic or hormone
herbicides used to control broadleaf plants, ushering in modern
weed control in agriculture.
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Judah Hirsch Quastel ------------ 2,4-D Structure
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Arnold J. Lehman (1900-1979)
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Arnold J. Lehman (1900-1979)
Hired in 1946 to lead the Division of Pharmacology
for the FDA by Fitzhugh, Arnold Lehman collaborated with other
scientists in his field to produce the first large compilation
of toxicology named Procedures for the Appraisal of the
Toxicity of Chemicals in Foods". Lehman also was
a cofounder of the Society of Toxicology and its journal Toxicology
and Applied Pharmacology.
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Minamata Japan
(1950's)
Methylmercury Health Effects
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Photo by W. Eugene Smith
Tomoko in her Bath (1972)
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Minamata Japan
(1950's)
Methylmercury Health Effects
During the 1950's a nearby acetaldehyde plant
in Minamata began dumping heavy metals into the local bay,
and ended up poisoning the local aquatic wildlife. After a
while, poison symptoms began emerging in the local population,
many of which lost basic motor controls and began to act very
irregularly.
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Poison Control Centers
1953
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Poison Control Centers 1953
First poison control center opened in Chicago 1953. Second
poison control center opened at Duke University, NC in 1954
and the third opens in Boston 1955.
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Journals of the Society
of Toxicology
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Journal of Toxicology &
Applied Pharmacology - 1959 to present
TAAP is a monthly publication which contains
scientific papers and articles that have to do with the fields
of toxicology and physiology. The journal Toxicology and
Applied Pharmacology (TAAP) founded in 1959 and was the
Official journal of SOT from 1961 until 2002. Fundamental
and Applied Toxicology (FAAT) later Toxicological
Sciences (see below) was established by SOT as an official
journal from 1981 to the present.
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Toxicological Sciences
-1981 to present
Fundamental and Applied Toxicology
(FAAT) later Toxicological Sciences was established
by SOT as an official journal of the society from 1981 to
the present.
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Thalidomide Disaster
(1959-1960's)
Thalidomide Disaster
(1959-1960's)
Developed by a German company Gruenenthal,
Thalidomide was originally intended to help pregnant women
rest, and help reduce morning sickness. Unfortunately, the
drug caused birth defects when consumed during specific period
of pregnancy. Frances Oldham Kelsey of the U.S. refused to
approve marketing of thalidomide in the U.S. because of weaknesses
in the safety data, preventing thousands of birth defects.
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..
..... Effects of Thalidomide
............................ Frances
Oldham Kelsey
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.........................................................
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Society of Toxicology
- 1961
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Society of Toxicology
-
1961
Founded in 1961, the SOT is an organization
of both professional and educational purpose, intended to
represent anyone who is involved in the field of toxicology.
The first annual meeting of the Society of Toxicology was
held in the Chevy Chase Room of
the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel in Atlantic City on April 15,1962.
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Alice Hamilton
(1869-1970)
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Alice Hamilton
(1869-1970)
Founder of occupational medicine. Historically
the first female faculty member at Harvard Medical School,
Alice Hamilton was well known for her research in the field
of industrial toxic substances. Hamilton helped advocate fair
worker's compensation laws and fought for safer workplace
environments - free of dangerous chemicals.
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Rachel Carson (1907-1964)
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Rachel Carson (1907-1964)
Carson began her career in biology at the
Woods hole Marine Biological Laboratory, followed by her studies
at Johns Hopkins for her MA. Human role in ecology and as
well as safety from pesticides were some of the fields she
worked in. Scientist lead crusade against the use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT) a pesticide and persistent organic pollutant. Carson
several books including Silent Spring published 1962.
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Occupational Safety &
Health Act - 1970
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Occupational Safety & Health Act - 1970
Act passed on December 29, 1970 to ensure
every worker a safe and healthful workplace. Its mission is
to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by
issuing and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace
safety and health.
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Environmental
Protection Agency - 1970
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Environmental Protection Agency- 1970
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
was founded in 1970 as a result of a law passed by the nixon
administration. The result was cleaner water, land and air
by a defined branch of the federal government, which was in
charge of regulating pollutants in the environment.
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